Antibody

ABSTRACT

The invention relates to antibodies to  Aspergillus  species and to methods of producing those antibodies. The invention also relates to the use of such antibodies in identifying the presence of the  Aspergillus  species and to methods of treating an infection with the  Aspergillus  species.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/144,872, with a 371(c) date of Nov. 7, 2011, which is a National Stage of International Application PCT/GB2010/000064, filed Jan. 18, 2010, and U.S. Provisional Appl. No. 61/145,282, filed Jan. 16, 2009, which are all hereby incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.

SEQUENCE LISTING

The instant application contains a Sequence Listing which has been submitted via EFS-Web on Nov. 7, 2011 for U.S. application Ser. No. 13/144,872, and is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Said ASCII copy, created on Sep. 29, 2014, is named 0087EU01.txt and is 51,335 bytes in size.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to a method of diagnosing a fungal infection, and to antibodies and related molecules for use in such a method.

BACKGROUND

The dramatic increase in opportunistic infections of humans caused by Aspergillus species over the last decade is associated with a rise in the numbers of solid-organ transplants and the use of aggressive cancer therapies and other immuno-modulating treatments (Brakhage, A. A., and K. Langfelder. 2002. Menacing mold: the molecular biology of Aspergillus fumigatus. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 56:433-455; Latgé, J.-P. 1999. Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillosis. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 12:310-350). The mortality due to invasive aspergillosis (IA) has increased by 357% over the last 25 years and IA has become one of the leading causes of death in immuno-compromised patients, with mortality rates ranging from 60 to 90% (McNeil, M. M., S. L. Nash, R. A. Hajjeh, M. A. Phelan, L. A. Conn, B. D. Plikaytis, and D. L. Warnock. 2001. Trends in mortality due to invasive mycotic diseases in the United States, 1980-1997. Clin. Infect. Dis. 33:641-647), even following the recent introduction of new broad-spectrum antifungal agents. The most common species of Aspergillus causing invasive disease include A. fumigatus, A. flavus, A. niger, A. terreus, and A. nidulans. Other less common species can also cause the disease, but A. fumigatus accounts for ˜90% of cases of IA (Denning, D. W. 1998. Invasive Aspergillosis. Clin. Infect. Dis. 26:781-805).

In the absence of a single ‘gold standard’ test for the disease, definitive diagnosis of IA encompasses data from clinical, radiological, serological, molecular biological, mycological and histopathological sources. It is imperative that diagnosis is made without delay, since prognosis worsens significantly in the absence of recognition and effective treatment. Rapid detection of IA using immuno-diagnostics has centred around the detection of fungal galactomannan (GM) (Latgé, J.-P., H. Kobayashi, J. P. Debeaupuis, M. Diaquin, J. Sarfati, J. M. Wieruszeski, E. Parra, J. P. Bouchara, and B. Fournet. 1994. Chemical and immunological characterization of the extracellular galactomannan secreted by Aspergillus fumigatus. Infect. Immun. 62:5424-5433, Pazos, C., J. Ponton, and A. Del Palacio. 2005. Contribution of (1→3)-β-D-glucan chromogenic assay to diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring of invasive aspergillosis in neutropenic adult patients: a comparison with serial screening for circulating galactomannan. J. Clin. Microbiol. 43:299-305, Quindos, G. 2006. New microbiological techniques for the diagnosis of invasive mycoses caused by filamentous fungi. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 12:40-52). Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have been successfully used in the detection of GM, and they form the basis of commercial laboratory-based tests such as the Platelia Aspergillus ELISA kit that incorporates a rat mAb (EB-A2) directed against tetra (1→5)-β-D-galactofuranoside, the immunodominant epitope in the antigen (Morelle, W., M. Bernard, J.-P. Debeaupuis, M. Buitrago, M. Tabouret, and J.-P. Latgé. 2005. Galactomannoproteins of Aspergillus fumigatus. Euk. Cell 4:1308-1316, Stynen, D, A. Goris, J. Sarfati, and J.-P. Latgé. 1995. A new sensitive sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect galactofuran in patients with invasive aspergillosis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 33:497-500, Stynen, D., J. Sarfati, A. Goris, M.-E. Prevost, M. Lesourd, H. Kamphuis, V. Darras, and J.-P. Latgé. 1992. Rat monoclonal antibodies against Aspergillus galactomannan. Inf. Immun 60:2237-2245). Immunoassays for GM detection are a significant asset for managing patients at risk from IA because of detection of the antigen in the early stages of disease progression. Despite their widespread use, recent studies have revealed significant variation in performance. While specificity of the GM assay is consistently >85%, sensitivity of the assay can vary considerably between 29% and 100% and false-positive reactivity can vary from 5% in adults to 83% in newborn babies (Verweij, P. E., and M. A. S. H. Mennink-Kersten. 2006. Issues with galactomannan testing. Med. Mycol. 44:179-183). False positive results have been attributed to cross-reaction of mAb EB-A2 with GM from non-Aspergillus fungi (Giacchino, M., N. Chiapello, S. Bezzio, F. Fagioli, P. Saracco, A. Alfarano, V. Martini, G. Cimino, P. Martino, and C. Girmenia. 2006. Aspergillus galactomannan enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay cross-reactivity caused by invasive Geotrichum capitatum. J. Clin. Microbiol. 44:3432-3434, Kappe, R., and A. Schulze-Berge. 1993. New cause for false-positive results with the Pastorex Aspergillus antigen latex agglutination test. J. Clin. Microbiol. 31:2489-2490, Quindos, G. 2006. New microbiological techniques for the diagnosis of invasive mycoses caused by filamentous fungi. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 12:40-52, Swanink, C. M. A., J. F. G. M. Meis, A. J. M. M. Rijs, J. P. Donnelly, and P. E. Verweij. 1997. Specificity of the sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detecting Aspergillus galactomannan. J. Clin. Microbiol. 35:257-260, Verweij, P. E., and M. A. S. H. Mennink-Kersten. 2006. Issues with galactomannan testing. Med. Mycol. 44:179-183), with galactoxylomannan from Cryptococcus neoformans (Dalle, F., P. E. Charles, K. Blanc, D. Caillot, P. Chavanet, F. Dromer, and A. Bonnin. 2005. Cryptococcus neoformans galactoxylomannan contains an epitope(s) that is cross-reactive with Aspergillus galactomannan. J. Clin. Microbiol. 43:2929-2931, De Jesus, M., E. Hackett, M. Durkin, P. Connolly, A. Casadevall, R. Petraitiene, T. J. Walsh, and L. J. Wheat. 2007. Galactoxylomannan does not exhibit cross-reactivity in the Platelia Aspergillus enzyme immunoassay. Clin. Vacc. Immun. 14:624-627), with lipoteichoic acid from intestinal bifidobacteria in the gastrointestinal microbiota of neonates (Mennink-Kersten, M. A. S. H., R. R. Klont, A. Warris, H. J. M. Op den Camp, and P. E. Verweij. 2004. Bifidobacterium lipoteichoic acid and false ELISA reactivity in Aspergillus antigen detection. Lancet 363:325-327), with the cancer prodrug cyclophosphamide (Hashiguchi, K., Y. Niki, and R. Soejima. 1994. Cyclophosphamide induces false-positive results in detection of Aspergillus antigen in urine. Chest 105:975-976), and with GM in food, drink and infant milk formulas (Ansorg, R., R. Van den Boom, and P. M. Rath. 1997. Detection of Aspergillus galactomannan antigen in foods and antibiotics. Mycoses 40:353-357). Contamination of β-lactam antibiotics with Penicillium GM may account for serum reactivity of patients receiving piperacillin/tazobactam or amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (Aubry, A., R. Porcher, J. Bottero, S. Touratier, T. Leblanc, B. Brethon, P. Rousselot, E. Raffoux, J. Menotti, F. Derouin, P. Ribaud, and A. Sulahian. 2006. Occurrence and kinetics of false-positive Aspergillus galactomannan test results following treatment with β-lactam antibiotics in patients with hematological disorders. J. Clin. Microbiol. 44:389-394, Mattei, D., D. Rapezzi, N. Mordini, F. Cuda, C. Lo Nigro, M. Musso, A. Arnelli, S. Cagnassi, and A. Gallamini. 2004. False-positive Aspergillus galactomannan enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay results in vivo during amoxicillin-clavulanic acid treatment. J. Clin. Microbiol. 42:5362-5363, Verweij, P. E., and M. A. S. H. Mennink-Kersten. 2006. Issues with galactomannan testing. Med. Mycol. 44:179-183, Viscoli, C., M. Machetti, P. Cappellano, B. Bucci, P. Bruzzi, M. T. Van Lint, and A. Bacigalupo. 2004. False-positive galactomannan Platelia Aspergillus test results for patients receiving piperacillin-tazobactam. Clin. Infect. Dis. 38:913-916), although these reports have been disputed (Wu, D. H. 2004. Platelia Aspergillus assay and potential cross-reaction. Clin. Infect. Dis. 39:1402). There is therefore scope in IA immuno-diagnostics for tests that employ mAbs directed at epitopes other than those present on GM. While a ‘pan-fungal’ test that detects fungal (1→3)-β-D-glucan has been used for the diagnosis of invasive fungal infections (Pazos, C., J. Ponton, and A. Del Palacio. 2005. Contribution of (1→3)-β-D-glucan chromogenic assay to diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring of invasive aspergillosis in neutropenic adult patients: a comparison with serial screening for circulating galactomannan. J. Clin. Microbiol. 43:299-305, Quindos, G. 2006. New microbiological techniques for the diagnosis of invasive mycoses caused by filamentous fungi. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 12:40-52), its lack of specificity means that it is unable to discriminate between Aspergillus species and other opportunistic pathogens, which compromises the ability to select the most appropriate antifungal agent. In contrast, an ELISA used to detect the Afmp1p cell wall antigen of A. fumigatus in patient's sera provides a high degree of specificity but does not allow the detection of IA caused by other Aspergillus species (Woo, P. C. Y., C-M. Chan, A. S. P. Leung, S. K. P. Lau, X-Y Che, S. S. Y. Wong, L. Cao, and K-Y. Yuen. 2002. Detection of cell wall galactomannoprotein Afmp1p in culture supernatants of Aspergillus fumigatus and in sera of aspergillosis patients. J. Clin. Microbiol. 40:4382-4387). Furthermore, combinations of antibody and antigen testing of serum samples are required to provide serodiagnostic sensitivities for A. fumigatus IA detection comparable to GM tests.

Development of a non-invasive immunodiagnostic test that is rapid, reliable and relatively inexpensive and that detects surrogate (non-GM and non-Afmp1p) markers for IA, would allow routine testing of vulnerable patients who have an elevated risk of infection, such as allogeneic haematopoietic stem-cell-transplant recipients, patients with haematological malignancies and recipients of solid organ transplants, especially of the lung. The inventors here report the development of a mouse hybridoma cell line secreting an Aspergillus glycoprotein-specific mAb (JF5) and its utilization in the development of a lateral flow device (LFD) for the rapid serodiagnosis of IA. The assay exploits lateral flow technology that has been used, to date, in diagnostic tests for viruses, bacteria and toxins (Iweala, O. I. 2004. HIV diagnostic tests: an overview. Contraception 70:141-147, Ketema, F., C. Zeh, D. C. Edelman, R. Saville, and N. T. Constantine. 2001. Assessment of the performance of a rapid, lateral flow assay for the detection of antibodies to HIV. J. Acquir. Immune. Defic. Syndr. 27:63-70, Sharma, S. K., B. S. Eblen, R. L. Bull, D. H. Burr, and R. C. Whiting. 2005. Evaluation of lateral-flow Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin detection kits for food analysis. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:3935-3941, Shyu, R. H., H. F. Shyu, H. W. Liu, and S. S. Tang. 2002. Colloidal gold-based immunochromatographic assay for detection of ricin. Toxicon 40:255-258, Smits, H. L., C. K. Eapen, S. Sugathan, M. Kuriakose, M. H. Gasem, C. Yersin, D. Sasaki, B. Pujianto, M. Vestering, T. H. Abdoel, and G. C. Gussenhoven. 2001. Lateral-flow assay for rapid serodiagnosis of human leptospirosis. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 8:66-169) and, most famously, for the home pregnancy tests first introduced by Unipath in 1988. While immunochromatographic assays have been developed for the identification of Candida species (Marot-Leblond, A., L. Grimaud, S. David, D. J. Sullivan, D. C. Coleman, J. Ponton, and R. Robert. 2004. Evaluation of a rapid immunochromatographic assay for identification of Candida albicans and Candida dubliniensis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 42:4956-4960) and for the detection of fungi in soil (Thornton, C. R. Tracking fungi in soil with monoclonal antibodies. Eur. J. Pl. Pathol. 121:347-353, Thornton, C. R., A. C. Groenhof, R. Forrest, and R. Lamotte. 2004. A one-step, immunochromatographic lateral flow device specific to Rhizoctonia solani and certain related species, and its use to detect and quantify R. solani in soil Phytopathol. 94:280-288) this is the first time, to the best of the inventor's knowledge, that an LFD has been developed for the detection of Aspergillus antigens in human serum.

Current diagnostic tests for IA are confined to laboratories equipped to perform GM, β-glucan or nucleic acid-based diagnostic tests. The simplicity of the LFD format allows it to be used with minimal training and provides an additional diagnostic platform for the management of IA in high-risk patient groups. The ability of the LFD to detect Aspergillus antigens in clinical samples is demonstrated using sera from IA patients. Furthermore, its superior sensitivity in detecting IA compared to current galactomannan and β-glucan tests is shown using sera from a guinea pig model of disease.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In order to provide a new diagnostic tool for use in diagnosing Aspergillus antigens, the inventors identified an Aspergillus antigen found in growing hyphae. The inventors then produced molecules that bind to that antigen. The particular binding molecules, especially antibodies, may be used to not only identify an Aspergillus infection, but also to distinguish between active, growing colonies of Aspergillus and quiescent or dead colonies.

According to a first aspect of the invention, there is provided a hybridoma deposited under accession number ECACC 08120202.

According to a second aspect of the invention, there is provided an antibody which may be obtained by culture of the hybridoma, or a functional fragment of such an antibody.

According to a third aspect of the invention, there is provided an antibody, or antibody fragment or other molecule capable of specifically binding to Aspergillus, that antibody, fragment or binding molecule comprising a CDR, light chain, heavy chain, light chain variable region, heavy chain variable region or antigen binding region, especially FAb region, that shows substantial homology with the corresponding region of the antibody according to the second aspect of the invention. Preferably, the antibody, fragment or binding molecule also exhibits similar binding properties to the antibody according to the second aspect of the invention.

According to a fourth aspect, there is provided an antibody comprising a CDR comprising an amino acid sequence having substantial homology to an amino acid sequence selected from the sequences shown in figures:

-   -   19 to 25.

In particular, there is provided an antibody comprising a first CDR comprising an amino acid sequence having substantial homology to the amino acid sequence shown in figure:

-   -   19;         a second CDR comprising an amino acid sequence having         substantial homology to an amino acid sequence selected from the         sequences shown in figures:     -   21 or 22; and         a third CDR comprising an amino acid sequence having substantial         homology to the amino acid sequence shown in figure:     -   24.

In particular, there is provided an antibody comprising a first CDR comprising an amino acid sequence having substantial homology to the amino acid sequence shown in figure:

-   -   20;         a second CDR comprising an amino acid sequence having         substantial homology to the amino acid sequence shown in figure:     -   23; and         a third CDR comprising an amino acid sequence having substantial         homology to the amino acid sequence shown in figure:     -   25.

Also provided is an antibody comprising a heavy chain comprising one or more CDRs having an amino acid sequence having substantial homology to an amino acid sequence selected from the sequences shown in figures:

-   -   19, 21, 22 and 24.

The invention further provides an antibody comprising a light chain comprising one or more CDRs having an amino acid sequence having substantial homology to an amino acid sequence selected from the sequences shown in figures:

-   -   20, 23 and 25.

Additionally, there is provided an antibody comprising an amino acid sequence having substantial homology to an amino acid sequence selected from the sequences shown in figures:

-   -   2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 11, 13, 15, 17 and 18.

The invention also provides an antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region having substantial homology to an amino acid sequence selected from the sequences shown in figures:

-   -   2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 11.

Preferably the antibody has a light chain variable region having substantial homology to the amino acid sequence selected from the sequences shown in figures:

-   -   13, 15, 17 and 18.

In the amino acid sequences X is any amino acid. Preferably it is a non-polar amino acid, especially glycine. n is an integer between 0 and 8, preferably between 0 and 5, more preferably between 0 and 3, more preferably between 0 and 2, more preferably 0. Where a sequence contains more than one X, for example where n is greater than one, X may represent the same or a number of different amino acids. Where a sequence contains more than one X_(n), each X may represent the same or a number of different amino acids. Each n may represent the same or different integers.

The invention further provides an antibody encoded by a nucleotide sequence having substantial homology to a nucleotide sequence selected from the sequences shown in figures:

-   -   1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 12, 14 and 16.

Also provided is an antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region encoded by a nucleotide sequence having substantial homology to a nucleotide sequence selected from the sequences shown in figures:

-   -   1, 3, 5, 7 and 9.

Preferably the antibody comprises a light chain variable region encoded by a nucleotide sequence having substantial homology to the nucleotide sequence selected from the sequences shown in figures:

-   -   12, 14 and 16.

In another embodiment, there is provided an antibody that binds to the same epitope as an antibody according to other aspects of the invention.

In order that the invention may be better understood, certain terms are defined. Additional definitions may be found throughout the specification.

The term “antibody” is well known in the art. Herein it means an immunoglobulin or any functional fragment thereof. It encompasses any polypeptide that has an antigen-binding site. It includes but is not limited to monoclonal, polyclonal, monospecific, polyspecific, non-specific, humanized, human, single-chain, chimeric, synthetic, recombinant, hybrid, mutated, grafted, and in vitro generated antibodies. The term “antibody” encompasses antibody fragments such as Fab, F(ab′) 2, Fv, scFv, Fd, dAb, and any other antibody fragments that retain antigen-binding function. Typically, such fragments would comprise an antigen-binding domain. When preceded by the word “intact” the term “antibody” means a whole antibody molecule, namely two heavy chains, each with one variable region and three constant regions, and two light chains, each with one variable region and one constant region.

Intact antibodies are also known as immunoglobulins (Ig). As indicated above, intact antibodies comprise light chains and heavy chains. Light chains are classified into two isotypes, and heavy chains are classified into five isotypes (A, D, E, G, and M). Some heavy chain isotypes are further divided into isotype subclasses, e.g., IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4. It is particularly preferred that the antibodies of the invention are IgG antibodies. In particular, IgG2b and IgG2a antibodies are preferred.

The domain and three dimensional structures of different antibodies are known in the art. The light chain is composed of a constant domain (C) and an N-terminal variable domain (V). The heavy chain is composed of three or four constant domains (C_(H)), a hinge region, and a N-terminal variable domain (V_(H)). The C_(H) adjacent to the V_(H) domain is designated C_(H1). The V_(H) and V_(L) domains contain four regions of conserved sequence called framework (FR) regions (FR1, FR2, FR3, and FR4), which form a scaffold for three regions of hypervariable sequence called complementarity determining regions (CDR). The CDRs (CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3) contain most of the antibody amino acids that specifically binds antigen. Heavy chain CDRs are denoted H1, H2, and H3, while light chain CDRs are denoted L1, L2, and L3. The term CDR is well known in the art. One skilled in the art would be able to recognise CDRs in an antibody or fragment by using Kabat numbering and the amino acids found either side of the CDRs.

The Fab fragment (Fragment antigen-binding) consists of V_(H), C_(H1), V_(L) and C_(L) domains covalently linked by a disulfide bond between the constant regions. The Fv fragment is smaller and consists of V_(H) and V_(L) domains non-covalently linked. To overcome the tendency of non-covalently domains to dissociate, a single chain Fv fragment (scFv) can be constructed. The scFv contains a flexible polypeptide that links the C-terminus of V_(H) to the N-terminus of V_(L), or the C-terminus of V_(L) to the N-terminus of V_(H). A 15-mer (Gly₄Ser)₃ peptide may be used as a linker, but other linkers are well known.

The terms “antigen-binding site”, “antigen-binding domain” and “antigen-binding fragment” mean the part of an antibody that specifically binds antigen. The part of the antigen that is recognised and bound by the antibody is referred to as the “epitope”. An antigen-binding domain usually comprises variable regions from both the light chain (V_(L)) and the heavy chain (V_(H)), but it does not have to comprise both. Antigen-binding fragments include Fab fragments (monovalent fragments consisting of the V_(L), V_(H), C_(L) and C_(H1) domains); F(ab′)₂ fragments (bivalent fragments comprising two Fab fragments linked by a disulfide bridge at the hinge region); Fd fragments (the two V_(H) and C_(H1) domains); Fv fragments (V_(L) or V_(H) domains, dAb fragments (Ward et al., (1989) Nature 341: 544-546), one or more complementarity determining regions (CDR); and single chain Fvs. The various antibody fragments can be obtained using conventional techniques known to those with skill in the art. It is possible to screen for the functionality of the fragments, e.g. binding and agonising a receptor using techniques known in the art.

As is known in the art, it is possible to use murine antibodies from mice and rats for therapy in humans. However, rodent antibodies tend to provoke strong Human anti-Murine Antibody (HAMA) immune responses which restricts their usefulness for repeated application in the same patient. Hence, the antibodies according to the invention are preferably chimeric, humanised (CDR grafted or reshaped).

The term “chimeric” refers to antibodies in which the whole of the variable regions of a mouse or rat antibody are expressed along with human constant regions. This provides the antibody with human effector functions and also reduces immunogenicity (HAMA) caused by the murine Fc region.

“Humanised” antibodies (also called CDR grafted or “reshaped antibodies”) are an alternative to chimeric antibodies in which only the complimentarity determining regions from the rodent antibody V-regions are combined with framework regions from human V-regions. The idea is that these antibodies should be more human-like than chimeric and thus perhaps less immunogenic than chimeric antibodies.

It is also possible to obtain fully human antibodies from transgenic mice or other transgenic animals. Transgenic mice have been created which have a repertoire of human immunoglobulin germline gene segments. These mice when immunised thus make human like antibodies. B cells from such immunised mice may be used in the production of monoclonal antibodies.

All of these types of antibodies are encompassed by the invention.

As mentioned above, the invention also encompasses functional fragments of antibodies. Whilst certain fragments are mentioned specifically, any functional fragment, that is to say, any fragment that exhibits similar binding properties as the relevant whole antibody is encompassed by the invention.

The antibodies of the invention are preferably able to bind to an epitope from an Aspergillus cell, especially an Aspergillus fumigatus cell. It is particularly preferred that the epitope is from growing hyphae.

The antibodies and nucleic acids of the invention are preferably isolated. The term “isolated” refers to a molecule that is substantially free of its natural environment. For instance, an isolated protein is substantially free of cellular material or other proteins from the cell or tissue source from which it was derived. The term also refers to preparations where the isolated protein is sufficiently pure for pharmaceutical compositions; or at least 70-80% (w/w) pure; or at least 80-90% (w/w) pure; or at least 90-95% (w/w) pure; or at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% (w/w) pure.

The phrase “substantially homologous” means that the relevant amino acid or nucleotide sequence (e.g., CDR (s), V_(H) or V_(L) domain) will be identical to or have minor differences to the specifically defined sequences. Minor differences include minor amino acid changes, such as 1 or 2 substitutions in a 5 amino acid sequence of a specified region. In the case of antibodies, the second antibody has the same specificity and has at least 50% of the affinity of the same.

Sequences substantially identical or homologous (e.g., at least about 85% sequence identity) to the sequences disclosed herein are also part of this application. In some embodiments, the sequence identity can be about 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% or higher. In particular, when dealing with sequences of CDRs, substantial homology preferably means at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% homology. When dealing with longer sequences, such as the sequences of the light or heavy chain variable regions, homology may be at least 85%, 87%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99%. Sequences including constant regions may have less homology, for example, 75%, 80%, 85%, 87%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% or higher. Substantially identical or homologous sequences also include nucleic acid sequences that will hybridize under selective hybridization conditions (e.g., highly stringent hybridization conditions), to the complement of the specifically defined strand. The percent identity can be determined by standard alignment algorithms, for example, the Basic Local Alignment Tool (BLAST) described by Altshul et al. ((1990) J. Mol. Biol., 215: 403-410); the algorithm of Needleman et al. ((1970) J. Mol. Biol., 48: 444-453); or the algorithm of Meyers et al. ((1988) Comput. Appl. Biosci., 4: 11-17). The percent identity between two amino acid or nucleotide sequences can also be determined using the algorithm of E. Meyers and W. Miller ((1989) CABIOS, 4: 11-17) which has been incorporated into the ALIGN program (version 2.0). This would be known by those skilled in the art.

The term “stringent” describes conditions for hybridization and washing. Stringent conditions are known to those skilled in the art and can be found in Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley & Sons, N.Y. (1989), 6.3.1-6.3.6.

Antibodies can be made by any method known in the art. A preferred method is using traditional hybridoma techniques (Kohler and Milstein (1975) Nature, 256: 495-499). For additional antibody production techniques, see Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual, eds. Harlow et al., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1988. No limitation is placed on the present invention as to method of production or source of antibody.

The invention provides antibodies that bind to Aspergillus. It is further envisaged that one skilled in the art could create more antibodies by altering the V_(H) and/or V_(L) sequence(s) provided. Such antibodies may be derived by a skilled person using techniques known in the art and are also encompassed by the invention. For example, modifications such as amino acid substitutions, deletions, or additions can be introduced into any part of the antibody, providing functionality remains. Changes may be introduced into the framework regions, especially to, for example improve the stability of the antibody. Changes may also be introduced into the CDRs to alter the antibody's affinity for the epitope. The affinity of an antibody for the epitope may be tested using standard techniques known in the art.

Conservative modifications to the V_(H) and V_(L) sequences are envisaged in particular. Such changes will produce molecules having functional and chemical characteristics similar to those of the antibodies from which the modifications are made. Conservative modifications are modifications unlikely to dramatically change the shape or function of the antibody, such as replacing one amino acid with another amino acid that has similar characteristics, e.g. replacing a hydrophobic amino acid with another hydrophobic amino acid.

When substituting amino acids, natural amino acids may be used, as may non-naturally occurring amino acids that have been created by, for example, chemical synthesis.

The antibodies according to the invention may be linked to other molecules. For example, antibodies may be linked to a protein or to a nonproteinaceous polymer such as polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, and polyoxyalkylenes. Linking antibodies to such molecules is well known in the art and may be carried out by standard methods. Linking antibodies to such molecules can have an effect on certain characteristics of the antibodies, for example half life in blood.

Other molecules that may be linked to the antibody include detectable or functional tags or labels, such as enzymatic labels, e.g. horseradish peroxidase or alkaline phosphatase, radiolabels and chemical moieties e.g. biotin. The antibodies may also be linked to toxic agents such as toxins, cytostatic or cytotoxic molecules and radioisotopes. Alternatively, the antibodies may be linked to other antibodies.

The invention also provides methods of making antibodies, including a method of generating an antibody or functional fragment thereof comprising:

-   a) providing a repertoire of nucleic acids encoding a variable     domain that either includes a CDR1, CDR2 or CDR3 encoding region to     be replaced or lacks a CDR1, CDR2 or CDR3 encoding region; -   b) combining the repertoire with a donor nucleic acid having a     nucleotide sequence encoding a sequence selected from the sequences     in figures:     -   19 to 25 to provide a repertoire of nucleic acids encoding a         variable domain; and -   c) expressing a nucleic acid from the repertoire.

When replacing or inserting a nucleotide sequence encoding a CDR, one skilled in the art would use standard techniques and would know whether the CDR sequence could be inserted in isolation or whether framework regions should also be inserted. The skilled person would be able to make appropriate changes to the framework region if necessary.

The term “repertoire” refers to a genetically diverse collection of nucleotide sequences derived wholly or partially from sequences encoding immunoglobulins. The sequences may be generated by the method given above, or by rearrangement in vivo of the V, D, and J segments of heavy chains, and the V and J segments of light chains. Alternatively, the sequences can be generated from a cell in response to which rearrangement occurs, e.g., in vitro stimulation. Alternatively, part or all of the sequences may be obtained by DNA splicing, nucleotide synthesis, mutagenesis, and other methods, see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,565,332.

The method may additionally comprise selecting an antibody that binds an Aspergillus epitope from the expressed antibodies and isolating it.

The invention also provides isolated nucleic acids encoding antibodies according to the invention including nucleotides encoding the CDRs, variable domains and other functional fragments of such antibodies, and substantially homologous sequences. The nucleic acids may comprise DNA or RNA, and they may be synthetic (completely or partially) or recombinant (completely or partially).

The nucleotide sequences provided and references thereto encompass DNA molecules with the specified sequence, and encompass RNA molecules with the specified sequence in which U is substituted for T.

A nucleic acid may encode any part of the antibody for example, a CDR, a variable region, a light chain, a heavy chain, an scFv, a Fab, the entire antibody or any other functional fragment thereof.

Particularly provided is an isolated nucleic acid having substantial homology to a sequence selected from the sequences shown in figures:

-   -   1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 12, 14 and 16.

The nucleic acids of the invention are substantially homologous to the sequences provided. In particular, the sequences are preferably at least 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% homologous to the sequences provided.

The invention also provides constructs such as plasmids, vectors, transcription or expression cassettes, which comprise at least one nucleic acid according to the invention.

Also provided is a host cell comprising at least one such construct.

Further provided is a method of making an antibody comprising culturing host cells under appropriate conditions so they express the antibody from the nucleic acid. Following expression and production, any desired fragment or antibody may be isolated and/or purified using any suitable technique, then used as appropriate.

Systems for cloning and expressing polypeptides in a variety of host cells are known in the art. Suitable host cells include mammalian cells, insect cells, plant cells, yeast cells, or prokaryotic cells, e.g., E. coli. Mammalian cells available in the art for heterologous polypeptide expression include lymphocytic cell lines (e.g., NSO), HEK293 cells, Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells, COS cells, HeLa cells, baby hamster kidney cells, oocyte cells.

It is particularly preferred that the antibodies of the invention are monoclonal antibodies. Monoclonal antibodies may be produced by standard methods, as first described by Kohler and Milstein.

The antibodies may be produced using a hybridoma. A hybridoma is well known in the art, is a cell created artificially by fusion of a tumour cell with a B-lymphocyte. Such cells are produced in the standard method of producing monoclonal antibodies, as first described by Kohler and Milstein.

The antibodies of the invention have multiple uses. Firstly, they may be used to identify the presence of an Aspergillus species, especially Aspergillus fumigatus. This may be a diagnostic use, identifying the presence of the species in a sample obtained from a patient. Also the use may be to identify the presence of the species in a sample obtained from a location, such as a building where an Aspergillus species may be present. The sample may be a swab taken from a wall of such a building, for example.

Also provided is a method of assaying for the presence of an Aspergillus species in a sample, comprising:

-   a) contacting the sample with labeled antibodies according to the     invention; and b) observing the sample for binding of the antibodies     to epitopes in the sample;     wherein binding of the antibodies is indicative of the presence of     an Aspergillus species.

The sample may be a sample obtained from a human or animal, and may be any appropriate sample, for example blood, serum, urine, plasma or bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). Alternatively, the sample may be obtained from a site thought to contain Aspergillus, for example a swab taken from a building wall.

A labeled antibody is an antibody to which a detectable label has been attached. Suitable labels are well known in the art and examples are discussed above.

Also provided is a device or kit for carrying out the assay method, comprising a labeled antibody according to the invention. Preferably the device or kit is in the form of a lateral flow device.

There is provided a pharmaceutical composition comprising an antibody according to the invention.

The composition is suitable for administration to patients. In addition to the antibody, it may comprise one or more appropriate pharmaceutical excipient(s) such as solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption delaying agents. The preparation of pharmaceutical compositions and the use of excipients is well known in the art. Other active compounds may also be included. The pharmaceutical compositions may also be included in a container, pack, or dispenser together with instructions for administration.

A pharmaceutical composition of the invention is formulated to be compatible with its intended route of administration. Methods to accomplish the administration are known to those of ordinary skill in the art. It may be possible to create compositions which may be topically or orally administered, or which may be capable of transmission across mucous membranes. For example, the administration may be intravenous, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, intracavity, subcutaneous, or transdermal.

Solutions or suspensions used for intradermal or subcutaneous application typically include at least one of the following components: a sterile diluent such as water, saline solution, fixed oils, polyethylene glycol, glycerine, propylene glycol, or other synthetic solvent; antibacterial agents such as benzyl alcohol or methyl parabens; antioxidants such as ascorbic acid or sodium bisulfate; chelating agents such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA); buffers such as acetate, citrate, or phosphate; and tonicity agents such as sodium chloride or dextrose. The pH can be adjusted with acids or bases. Such preparations may be enclosed in ampoules, disposable syringes, or multiple dose vials.

Solutions or suspensions used for intravenous administration include a carrier such as physiological saline, bacteriostatic water, CremophorELT“ ” (BASF, Parsippany, N.J.), ethanol, or polyol. In all cases, the composition must be sterile and fluid for easy syringability. Proper fluidity can often be obtained using lecithin or surfactants. The composition must also be stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage. Prevention of microorganisms can be achieved with antibacterial and antifungal agents, e.g., parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, ascorbic acid, thimerosal, etc. In many cases, isotonic agents (sugar), polyalcohols (mannitol and sorbitol), or sodium chloride may be included in the composition. Prolonged absorption of the composition can be accomplished by adding an agent which delays absorption, e.g., aluminium monostearate and gelatin.

Oral compositions include an inert diluent or edible carrier. The composition can be enclosed in gelatin or compressed into tablets. For the purpose of oral administration, the antibodies can be incorporated with excipients and prepared as tablets or capsules, for example. The oral composition may also contain, for example, a binder, an excipient, a lubricant and flavourings.

Compositions may also be administered by a transmucosal or transdermal route. For example, antibodies that comprise a Fc portion may be capable of crossing mucous membranes in the intestine, mouth, or lungs (via Fc receptors). Transmucosal administration can be accomplished through the use of lozenges, nasal sprays, inhalers, or suppositories. Transdermal administration can also be accomplished through the use of composition containing ointments, salves, gels, or creams known in the art. For transmucosal or transdermal administration, penetrants appropriate to the barrier to be permeated are used.

For administration by inhalation, antibodies are delivered in an aerosol spray from a pressured container or dispenser, which contains a propellant (e.g., liquid or gas) or a nebulizer.

In certain embodiments, antibodies of this invention are prepared with carriers to protect the antibodies against rapid elimination from the body. Biodegradable polymers (e.g., ethylene vinyl acetate, polyanhydrides, polyglycolic acid, collagen, polyorthoesters, polylactic acid) are often used.

Methods for the preparation of such pharmaceutical compositions are known by those skilled in the art.

Antibodies or compositions according to the invention may be administered in therapeutically effective amounts, as determined, based on, for example, the patient's weight, gender, age and medical condition. The antibodies or compositions may be administered in a single dose, as a bolus or as continuous therapy.

The term effective amount refers to an amount sufficient The term “non-human animals” of the invention includes all vertebrates, such as non-human primates, sheep, dogs, cows, chickens, amphibians, reptiles, etc.

Additionally, there is provided an antibody or functional fragment thereof according to the invention for use in therapy. The antibody or fragment is especially for use in the treatment of an infection with an Aspergillus species.

Also provided is a method of treating an infection with an an Aspergillus species, comprising administering a therapeutic amount of an antibody or fragment thereof according to the invention to a subject in need thereof.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1 to 25 show amino acid sequences and nucleotide sequences of antibodies and fragments thereof according to the invention.

FIG. 26. Analysis of affinity purified antigen by PAGE and Western blotting. M_(r) represents the molecular weight marker.

A. Western immunoblot with monoclonal antibody (mAb) JF5 after separation of purified antigen by SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions. Well was loaded with 0.2 μg of protein.

B. Western immunoblot with mAb JF5 after treatment of purified antigen with peptide-N-glycosidase and separation by SDS-PAGE under denaturing conditions. Well was loaded with 0.2 μg of protein.

FIG. 27. Photomicrographs of A. fumigatus AF293 cells immuno-stained with JF5 and anti-mouse polyvalent immunoglobulin FITC.

A. Germlings examined under bright-field microscopy

B. Same slide as in (A), but examined under epifluorescence. Note intense staining of the cell walls of germ tubes, but lack of staining in ungerminated conidia (arrowed)

C. Hypha examined under bright-field microscopy

D. Same slide as in (C), but examined under epifluorescence. Note intense staining of cell wall and secretion of the antigen at the growing tip (arrowed). Bar, 6 μm.

FIG. 28. Immunogold localization of JF5 antigen in cells of A. fumigatus AF293. Longitudinal section of germling grown in human serum, showing localization of antigen in the cell walls of the germ tube (GT) and swollen conidium, in the septum (S), and in a surrounding capsular-like layer (C). Bar, 0.5 μm.

FIG. 29. Serum LFD tests.

A. LFD tests with normal human serum following inoculation with fungi and incubation for 48 h at 37° C. Negative reactions (single control line only) exhibited by Candida albicans (1), Pseudallescheria boydii (2), Rhizopus oryzae (3), Fusarium solani (4) and positive reaction (two lines) with Aspergillus fumigatus (5) are shown.

B. LFD tests of normal human serum (1), and serum spiked with affinity purified antigen (2) at a concentration of 2.5 μg protein/ml.

C. Examples of results from LFD tests of serum samples from healthy individuals or patients confirmed with IA. Negative, weak and strong reactions exhibited with specimen numbers 9OHD (1), 1657 (2), and 1131 (3) are shown. Specimen numbers relate to those shown in Table 4.

FIG. 30. Analysis of flow-through and eluate fractions from lectin spin columns by using denaturing SDS-PAGE and Western blotting. Lanes M, molecular mass markers; lane PA, untreated purified antigen; lanes LCH, ConA and GNA, flow-through or eluate fractions from lentil lectin (Lens culinaris haemagglutinin), Concanavalin A lectin or snowdrop lectin (Galanathus nivalis agglutinin) spin columns respectively. All wells were loaded with 0.5 μg of protein. Note strong binding of MAb JF5 to eluate fraction from GNA spin column showing that the JF5 glycoprotein antigen(s) comprises terminal non-reducing mannose residues linked α1-3 and α1-6.

FIG. 31. Examples of results from (A) negative, (B) weakly positive, (C) moderately positive, and (D) strongly positive lateral-flow device assays. In the absence of the Aspergillus antigen, no complex was formed in the zone containing solid-phase JF5 antibody, and a single internal control line was observed (A).

FIG. 32. Results from serial serum samples collected over time from the same guinea pigs with invasive pulmonary aspergillosis as measured by lateral-flow technology (A), the galactomannan assay (B), and the (1→3)-β-D-glucan assay (C). Each line represents the biomarker results from one animal at multiple time points. Serial samples were available for measurement of each biomarker at the multiple time points in 6 guinea pigs. For the y-axis of the lateral-flow device graph (A), + represents weakly positive results, ++ moderately positive results, and +++ strongly positive results.

DETAILED DISCLOSURE Example 1 Fungal Culture

All fungi were cultured on Sabouraud agar (SA) under a 16 h fluorescent light regime.

Development of mAb, Preparation of Immunogen, and Immunization Regime

Mice were immunized with lyophilized mycelium (LM) of A. fumigatus AF293. Minimal medium (19 mM (NH₄)₂PO4, 0.5% (wt/vol) yeast extract, 7 mM sodium citrate, 2 mM MgSO₄.7H₂O, 0.5 mM CaCl₂.2H₂O and 50 mM glucose, adjusted to pH 5.5 with 1 N HCl) was sterilized by autoclaving at 121° C. for 15 min. Three-wk-old SA Petri dish cultures of the fungus were flooded with 20 ml dH₂O and the conidia suspended by gentle agitation using an inoculation loop. Spore suspensions were filtered through Miracloth to remove mycelium and the filtrate containing conidia transferred to 1.5 ml micro-centrifuge tubes. The conidia were washed three times with dH₂O by repeated vortexing and centrifugation at 12 000 g for 5 min and finally suspended in dH₂O to give a concentration of 10⁶ conidia/ml solution. Flasks containing 150 ml of media were inoculated with 200 μl of conidial suspension and incubated with shaking (150 rpm) for 24 h at 37° C. Mycelium was collected by filtering the contents of each flask through Miracloth, snap frozen in liquid N₂, and lyophilized.

One mg of LM was suspended in 1 ml of phosphate buffered saline (PBS: 137 mM NaCl, 2.7 mM KCl, 8 mM Na₂HPO₄, and 1.5 mM KH₂PO₄ [pH7.2]). Six-week-old BALB/c female white mice were given four intraperitoneal injections (300-μl per injection) of immunogen at 2 wk intervals and a single booster injection five days before fusion.

Production and Screening of Hybridomas and Determination of Antibody Specificity

Hybridoma cells were produced by the method described elsewhere (Thornton, C. R. 2001. Immunological methods for fungi, p. 227-257. In N.J. Talbot (ed.), Molecular and Cellular Biology of Filamentous Fungi, A Practical Approach. University Press, Oxford) and the supernatants were screened by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) against soluble antigens extracted from LM in PBS and immobilized to the wells of Maxisorp microtiter plates (50 μl per well). For antibody specificity tests, fungi were grown on SA and surface washings prepared in PBS as described in Thornton (Thornton, C. R. 2001. Immunological methods for fungi, p. 227-257. In N.J. Talbot (ed.), Molecular and Cellular Biology of Filamentous Fungi, A Practical Approach. University Press, Oxford). Protein concentrations, determined spectrophotometrically at 280 nm (Nanodrop, Agilent Technologies Limited, Berkshire, UK), were adjusted to 64 μg/ml buffer, and 50 μl volumes used to coat the wells of microtiter plates. After coating overnight at 4° C., wells were washed four times with PBST (PBS containing 0.05% [vol/vol] TWEEN 20 (polysorbate-20)) and once each with PBS and dH₂O and air-dried at 23° C. in a laminar flow hood. The plates were stored in sealed plastic bags at 4° C. in preparation for screening of hybridoma supernatants by ELISA as described below.

ELISA

Wells containing immobilized antigens were incubated successively with hybridoma supernatant for 1 h, followed with goat anti-mouse polyvalent (immunoglobulin classes IgG, IgA, and IgM) peroxidase conjugate (Sigma Chemical Company, Poole, United Kingdom) diluted 1 in 1000 in PBST for a further hour. Bound antibody was visualised by incubating wells with tetramethyl benzidine substrate solution for 30 min and reactions were stopped by the addition of 3 M H₂SO₄. Absorbance values were determined at 450 nm with an MRX automated microplate reader (Dynex Technologies, Billingshurst, UK). Wells were given four 5-min rinses with PBST between incubations. Working volumes were 50 μl per well, and control wells were incubated with tissue culture medium (TCM) containing 10% (vol/vol) fetal calf serum. All incubation steps were performed at 23° C. in sealed plastic bags. The threshold for detection of antigen in ELISA, was determined from control means (2×TCM absorbance values) (Sutula, C. L., J. M. Gillett, S. M. Morrisey, and D. C. Ramsdell. 1986. Interpreting ELISA data and establishing the positive-negative threshold. Plant Dis. 70:722-726). These values were consistently in the range 0.050-0.100. Consequently absorbance values >0.100 were considered as positive for the detection of antigen.

Determination of Ig Subclass and Cloning Procedure

The Ig class of mAbs was determined with a commercial mouse mAb isotyping kit (ISO-1) according to the manufacturers instructions (Sigma). Hybridoma cells lines were cloned by limiting dilution, and cell lines were grown in bulk in a non-selective medium, preserved by slowly freezing in fetal bovine serum/dimethyl sulfoxide (92:8 [vol/vol]), and stored in liquid nitrogen.

Antigen Purification, Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis and Western Blotting

Antigen was purified from PBS extracts of LM by affinity chromatography using a Protein A IgG Plus Orientation Kit (Pierce Biotechnology, Rockford, Ill., USA) containing immobilized JF5 mAb. Ascites fluid was prepared from JF5 hybridoma cells in female BALB/c mice (Eurogentec s.a., Belgium). Mice were injected with 10⁶ hybridoma cells washed in PBS and, after 3 wk, approximately 5 ml of ascites fluid was recovered from each mouse and was stored at −20° C. prior to use. For preparation of the affinity column, 15 μl of ascites fluid was mixed with 2 ml of binding buffer and the solution applied to the Protein A-agarose matrix. Crude PBS antigen extract was then incubated with the immobilized antibody and bound antigen was eluted with 0.1 M glycine-HCl (pH2.8) buffer. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) was carried out using the system of Laemmli (Laemmli, U.K. 1970. Cleavage of structural proteins during assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4. Nature 227:680-685), with 4-20% (wt/vol) gradient polyacrylamide gels (Bio-Rad Laboratories Limited, Hemel Hempstead, UK), under denaturing conditions. Purified antigen was mixed with Laemmli buffer and denatured by heating at 95° C. for 10 min in the presence of β-mercaptoethanol prior to gel loading. Proteins were separated for 1.5 h at 23° C. (165V). Pre-stained, broad range, markers (Bio-Rad) were used for molecular mass determinations. For westerns, separated proteins were transferred electrophoretically to a PVDF membrane (Bio-Rad). Membranes were washed three times with PBS and then blocked for 16 h at 4° C. with PBS containing 1% (wt/vol) bovine serum albumin (BSA). Blocked membranes were incubated with JF5 mAb supernatant diluted 1 in 2 with PBS containing 0.5% (wt/vol) BSA (PBSA) for 2 h at 23° C. After washing three times with PBS, membranes were incubated for 1 h with goat anti-mouse IgG (whole molecule) alkaline phosphatase conjugate (Sigma) diluted 1 in 15,000 in PBSA. Membranes were washed twice with PBS, once with PBST and bound antibody visualized by incubation in substrate solution. Reactions were stopped by immersion in dH₂O and air-dried between sheets of Whatman filter paper. Modification of the JF5 antigen using peptide-N-glycosidase (PNGase) was carried out prior to electrophoresis and western blotting according to procedures described elsewhere (Bleddyn Hughes, H., R. Carzaniga, S. L. Rawlings, J. R. Green, and R. J. O'Connell. 1999. Spore surface glycoproteins of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum are recognized by a monoclonal antibody which inhibits binding to polystyrene. Microbiol. SGM. 145:1927-1936).

Immunofluorescence and Immunogold Electron Microscopy of A. fumigatus Conidia and Germlings

Immunogold labelling was performed with germlings of A. fumigatus AF293. Germlings were prepared by incubating washed conidia in normal human serum (Biosera, Ringmer, UK) or in sterile filtered (0.2 μM) 1% (wt/vol) glucose solution for 16 h at 37° C. with gentle mixing. Germlings were pelleted by centrifugation and low temperature embedding of material was carried out as described elsewhere (Thornton, C. R., and N. J. Talbot. 2006. Immunofluorescence microscopy and immunogold EM for investigating fungal infections of plants. Nat. Prot. 5:2506-2511) Immunolabelling was carried with mAb JF5 and goat anti-mouse 20-nm gold conjugate (British Biocell International, Cardiff, Wales) as the secondary reporter molecule. Control grids were incubated with TCM instead of mAb supernatant, but were otherwise treated the same. For IF studies, washed conidia were suspended in glucose solution and transferred to the wells of multiwell slides. After incubation at 37° C. for 16 h, slides were air-dried and fixed as described in Thornton (Thornton, C. R. 2001. Immunological methods for fungi, p. 227-257. In N.J. Talbot (ed.), Molecular and Cellular Biology of Filamentous Fungi, A Practical Approach. University Press, Oxford). Wells were incubated for 1 h with 50 μl of mAb JF5 supernatant or TCM only. Slides were washed three times with PBS with gentle agitation and incubated for a further 30 min with goat anti-mouse polyvalent FITC conjugate (Sigma) diluted 1 in 40 in PBS. Slides were given three 5-min rinses with PBS and the wells overlaid with coverslips mounted in PBS-glycerol mounting medium (Sigma). Slides were examined with a Zeiss Axiophot microscope fitted with epifluorescence, using a UV excitation filter of 365 nm and an absorption filter of 420 nm. All incubation steps were performed at 23° C. in a moist environment and slides were stored at 4° C. in the dark in Petri dishes containing moistened Whatman filter paper no. 1.

Configuration of the LFD. The LFD consisted of G&L Diecut 1734 backing card, Whatman 17chr and 1281 top and sample pads respectively, and Whatman Immunopore 5 μM nitocellulose membrane. Monoclonal antibody JF5 was conjugated to 40 nm gold particles, applied to the release pad at 100 units of conjugate/cm, and dried for 16 h at 37° C. The test line antibody consisted of JF5 mAb at 0.5 mg protein/ml of PBS containing 1% (wt/vol) BSA while a commercial rabbit anti-mouse Ig acted as the control line.

Sensitivity and specificity of the LFD. Affinity purified antigen (protein concentrations determined as described) was diluted into normal human serum or PBS and 100 μl samples applied to the LFD. Unspiked serum and PBS acted as the negative controls. Results were recorded after 15 min as positive for the presence of Aspergillus antigen (two lines) or negative (single control line only). Specificity of the LFD was determined by growing fungi in normal human serum. Replicate 1 ml serum samples contained in 1.5-ml eppendorf tubes, were inoculated with 10⁴ washed conidia from filamentous fungi (Aspergillus flavus, A. fumigatus, A. niger, A. terreus, Fusarium solani, Pseudallescheria boydii and Rhizopus oryzae), or an equivalent number of washed yeast cells (Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans). Tubes were incubated at 37° C. with shaking (100 rpm) for 48 h and fungal propagules precipitated by centrifugation. One hundred-μl samples of neat, cell-free, supernatants were applied to LFD devices and results recorded as described. Growth of filamentous fungi and the yeast Candida albicans was determined by visual appraisal of hyphal development or by increases in turbidity of serum samples (C. neoformans). Unspiked serum incubated under the same conditions acted as the negative control.

Further tests of LFD specificity were conducted using serum containing the β-lactam antibiotics penicillin-G (Melford Laboratories Limited, Ipswich, UK), amoxicillin (Fluka) and piperacillin (Sigma), the β-lactamase inhibitor tazobactam (Sigma), the cancer prodrug cyclophosphamide (Sigma), and lipoteichoic acids from the bacteria Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus (both from Sigma). Following reconstitution, 100 μl volumes of solutions containing 5 mg of solid/ml serum (lipoteichoic acids) or 50 mg solid/ml serum (antibiotics, tazobactam and cyclophosphamide) were applied to LFD devices and results recorded as described. Unspiked serum acted as the negative control, while serum samples containing purified antigen and test chemicals acted as positive controls. Three replicates were performed for each test.

LFD detection of antigen in IA sera. The ability of the LFD to detect circulating antigen in humans with IA was tested with sera collected from known or suspected IA patients and from healthy controls. The samples were kindly provided during a blind assessment of assay sensitivity and specificity conducted in collaboration with Dr Elizabeth Johnson (Bristol Health Protection Agency). The samples had previously been tested using the Platelia GM EIA and a pan-fungal β-glucan test (Fungitell). One hundred-μl samples of undiluted serum or serum diluted 1 in 10 in normal human serum were applied to LFD devices and the results recorded as described. Three replicates were performed for each sample.

Production of Hybridoma Cell Lines and Isotyping of mAbs

A single fusion was performed. Cell lines were selected for further study based on the strength of mAb reaction in ELISA. The cell line JF5 was selected and was sub-cloned three times. The monoclonal antibody from the sub-cloned cell line JF5 belonged to the immunoglobulin class G3 (IgG3).

Monoclonal Antibody Specificity Tests

Monoclonal antibody JF5 was tested for specificity against a wide range of related and unrelated fungi (Table 1). It reacted with antigens from Aspergillus species and related fungi from the teleomorphic genera Emericella, Eurotium and Neosartorya. It cross-reacted with antigens from certain Penicillium species, but not with Penicillium species in the subgenus Biverticillium or teleomorphic Talaromyces species whose Penicillium anamorphs belong to this subgenus. It cross-reacted weakly with antigens from the closely related fungus Paecilomyces variotii, but did not react with antigens from a wide range of unrelated fungi including the well-documented invasive pathogens Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, and the emerging pathogens Fusarium solani, Pseudallescheria boydii and Rhizopus oryzae (Groll, A. H, and T. J. Walsh. 2001. Uncommon opportunistic fungi: new nosocomial threats. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 7:8-24, Ribes, J. E., C. L. Vanover-Sams, D. J. Baker. 2000. Zygomycetes in human disease. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 13:236-301, Walsh, T. J., and A. H. Groll. 1999. Emerging fungal pathogens: evolving challenges to immunocompromised patients for the twenty-first century. Transpl. Infect. Dis. 1: 247-261, Walsh, T. J., A. Groll, and J. Hiemenz. 2004. Infections due to emerging and uncommon medically important fungal pathogens. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 10: 48-66).

Characterisation of the Antigen

Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western blotting. The affinity purified antigen eluted from the column as a single peak containing 0.340 mg protein/ml of buffer. The diffuse binding pattern in Western blotting studies (FIG. 26A) showed that antigen bound by JF5 is glycosylated and is a pattern consistent with binding of mAbs to extracellular glycoproteins in A. fumigatus (Stynen, D., J. Sarfati, A. Goris, M.-E. Prevost, M. Lesourd, H. Kamphuis, V. Darras, and J.-P. Latgé. 1992. Rat monoclonal antibodies against Aspergillus galactomannan. Inf. Immun. 60:2237-2245). De-glycosylation of the antigen with the enzyme PNGase showed that the protein moiety of the glycoprotein bound by mAb JF5 has an approximate molecular weight of 40 kDa and has an N-glycosylated component (FIG. 26B).

Immunofluorescence and immunogold electron microscopy of conidia and germlings. Immunofluorescence studies showed that the antigen was absent from the surface of ungerminated spores, but was present on the hyphal surface of germlings and was secreted from the hyphal tip (FIG. 27). Immunogold electron microscopy showed that the antigen was present in the hyphal cell wall and in septa and in a capsule-like layer surrounding cells (FIG. 28).

Sensitivity and specificity of the LFD. There was strong detection of the affinity purified antigen in LFD tests (FIG. 29) with an assay sensitivity of 37 ng protein per ml of serum. In PBS only, the sensitivity of the assay was 1.25 ng protein per ml. After 48 h growth of fungi in human serum, there was strong detection of the antigen in serum spiked with 104 conidia of A. fumigatus AF293 (FIG. 29) and with other Aspergillus species (results not shown). No antigen was detected in serum inoculated with the other fungi tested (FIG. 29), despite prolific growth. No false-positive reactions were exhibited with the β-lactam antibiotics tested or with tazobactam, cyclophosphamide, and bacterial lipoteichoic acids. The chemicals did not inhibit detection of purified antigen (results not shown).

Detection of antigen in IA sera. The JF5 antigen was detected in sera from patients with known or probable IA infection (Table 2). No false negatives were found with sera from healthy individuals. LFD test results were similar to those for GM detection using the Platelia EIA. However, three of the samples (1655, 1665 and 1667) from patients diagnosed with IA on the basis of clinical symptoms gave positive reactions with the LFD but were negative in the GM test. One of these samples (1655) and two others (samples 1537 and 1538) gave negative LFD reactions when used undiluted but gave positive reactions when diluted ten-fold in normal serum. This was likely due to a high-dose hook effect where high serum antigen concentrations impaired antigen-antibody binding. Results for all other samples were the same when used neat or diluted. Examples of negative and positive reactions with sera are shown in FIG. 29.

TABLE 1 Details of organisms and results of ELISA specificity tests Isolate Absorbance Organism no. Source^(a) (450 nm)^(b) Absidia corymbifera 101040 CBS 0.027 A. glauca 1 CRT 0.032 A. spinosa 3 CRT 0.000 Acremonium atrogriseum 306.85 CBS 0.083 A. blochii 424.93 CBS 0.006 Alternaria alternata 42 CRT 0.000 Apophysomyces elegans 658.93 CBS 0.007 Subgenus Aspergillus Section Aspergillus Eurotium amstelodami 34 CRT 0.866 Section Restricti Aspergillus restrictus 116.50 CBS 0.938 Subgenus Fumigati Section Fumigati Aspergillus fumigatus 181 CRT 1.020 AFC   CRT 0.935 AF293 SK 1.213 Neosartorya fischeri var. fischeri 681.77 CBS 1.105 Section Cervini A. cervinus 537.65 CBS 0.667 Subgenus Ornati Section Ornati A. ornatus 184 CRT 1.381 (Hemicarpenteles ornatus) Subgenus Clavati Section Clavati A. clavatus 514.65 CBS 1.307 Subgenus Nidulantes Section Nidulantes A. nidulans 542.83 CBS 1.133 (Emericella nidulans var. nidulans) A4  FGSC 1.237 A26 FGSC 1.075 Emericella quadrilineata 591.65 CBS 1.045 Section Versicolores Aspergillus versicolor 599.65 CBS 1.120 Section Usti A. ustus 209.92 CBS 0.510 Section Terrei A. terreus var. terreus 601.65 CBS 1.186 Section Flavipedes A. niveus (Fennelia nivea) 261.73 CBS 1.085 Subgenus Circumdati Section Wentii A. wentii 229.67 CBS 0.000 Section Flavi A. flavus 91856iii IMI 1.053 A. oryzae 29 CRT 0.963 Section Nigri A. niger 102.40 CBS 1.433 121.49 CBS 1.155 522.85 CBS 1.057 553.65 CBS 1.066 Section Circumdati A. ochraceous 625.78 CBS 1.249 Section Candidi A. candidus 266.81 CBS 0.541 Aureobasidium pullulans 657.76 CBS 0.015 Botrytis cinerea R2 CRT 0.077 Candida albicans SC5314 SB 0.000 C. dubliniensis 8500 CBS 0.015 C. glabrata 4692 CBS 0.000 Chaetomium globosum 147.51 CBS 0.013 Cladosporium herbarum 159.59 CBS 0.067 Cryptococcus neoformans 5728 CBS 0.010 C. neoformans 7779 CBS 0.009 Cunninghamella bertholletiae 182.84 CBS 0.012 Exophiala dermatitidis 153.94 CBS 0.024 Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. melonis 422.90 CBS 0.000 F. oxysporum f.sp. pisi 260.50 CBS 0.005 F. solani 224.34 CBS 0.034 F. solani 80 CRT 0.056 F. solani var. petrophilum 102256 CBS 0.006 F. verticillioides 539.79 CBS 0.000 Geotrichum capitatum 327.86 CBS 0.014 Mucor fragilis 4 CRT 0.033 M. hiemalis var. silvaticus 50 CRT 0.002 Paecilomyces variotii 339.51 CBS 0.163 P. variotii 17.1 CRT 0.143 Penicillium brevicompactum 210.28 CBS 0.571 P. cinnabarinum 39 CRT 0.885 P. chrysogenum 105 CRT 1.248 P. citrinum 139.45 CBS 0.556 P. cyclopium 123.14 CBS 0.630 P. dierckxii 250.66 CBS 0.629 P. expansum 106 CRT 1.141 P. jensenii 43 CRT 1.115 P. islandicum 338.48 CBS 0.004 P. marneffei 101038 CBS 0.093 669.95 CBS 0.057 P. melinii 218.30 CBS 0.486 P. purpurogenum 364.48 CBS 0.006 P. roqueforti 221.30 CBS 0.347 P. simplicissimum 220.30 CBS 0.500 P. spinulosum 108 CRT 1.290 P. variabile 385.48 CBS 0.037 Phialophora verrucosa 225.97 CBS 0.021 Pseudallescheria boydii 835.96 CBS 0.004 Rhizomucor miehei 360.92 CBS 0.005 Rhizopus microsporus var. 102277 CBS 0.020 rhizopodiformis R. oryzae 146.90 CBS 0.016 R. oryzae 395.54 CBS 0.010 R. sexualis var. sexualis 209090 IMI 0.000 R. stolonifer G1 CRT 0.000 Saksenaea vasiformis 133.90 CBS 0.030 Scedosporium prolificans 742.96 CBS 0.010 S. prolificans 100391 CBS 0.025 Stachybotrys chartarum 485.48 CBS 0.017 Talaromyces flavus 437.62 CBS 0.051 T. stipitatus 266.91 CBS 0.046 Trichoderma longibrachiatum 446.95 CBS 0.000 T. pseudokoningii 500.94 CBS 0.000 Verticillium coccosporum GD2/B8 CRT 0.000 Wallemia sebi 196.56 CBS 0.043 ^(a)CBS = Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, PO Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands; FGSC = Fungal Genetics Stock Centre, University of Missouri, 5007 Rockhill Road, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA; CRT = C. R. Thornton; IMI = International Mycological Institute, Egham, England; SB = S. Bates, School of Biosciences, University of Exeter; SV = S. Krappman, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August-University, Gottingen, Germany. ^(b)Each value represents the mean of replicated values. Threshold absorbance value for detection of antigen: ≧0.100.

TABLE 2 Results of LFD tests of serum samples from healthy individuals or from patients with known or suspected invasive aspergillosis Specimen Invasive Platelia GM Platelia Fungite β-glucan Fungitell LFD number Aspergillosis^(a) index value GM result concentration (pg/mL) result result^(b) 6OHD No — — 45.90 Negative − 7OHD No — — 42.40 Negative − 8OHD No — — 44.30 Negative − 9OHD No — — 44.09 Negative −  813 Yes 0.12 Negative 128.35 Positive −  815 Yes 0.36 Negative 360.49 Positive − 1263 Yes 0.16 Negative 111.72 Positive − 1652 Yes 0.32 Negative 111.94 Positive − 1655 Yes 0.35 Negative 104.13 Positive +^(c) 1657 Yes 0.71 Positive 122.23 Positive +/− 1665 Yes 0.16 Negative 108.28 Positive +/− 1667 Yes 0.30 Negative 142.19 Positive +/− 1130 Probable 2.04 Positive 85.51 Equivocal + 1131 Probable 1.52 Positive 219.61 Positive + 1537 Probable 4.64 Positive 782.95 Positive +^(c) 1538 Probable 4.64 Positive >500 Positive +^(c) ^(a)Proven or probable cases of disease formally classified according to EORTC criteria ^(b)Reactions in LFD tests: − (no antigen detected), +/− (weak reaction), + (strong reaction). Results from specimens 9OHD, 1657 and 1131 are shown in FIG. 29. ^(c)Samples with a strong reaction at a 1 in 10 dilution in normal serum, but negative undiluted

Example 2 Summary

Lectin binding studies show that the antigen(s) bound by MAb JF5 is/are immunogenic N-linked mannoprotein(s) comprising terminal non-reducing mannose residues linked α1-3 and α1-6. Insensitivity of the antigen(s) in ELISA to mild alkaline hydrolysis (β-elimination) shows that the MAb does not bind to glycan structures O-linked through serine and threonine.

Methodology

Lectin binding studies. Antigen(s) were purified from Aspergillus fumigatus using the method described. Purified antigen solution was subjected to glycoprotein fractionation using a Qproteome Mannose Glycoprotein Kit (Catalog no. 37551; Qiagen Ltd., Crawley, UK) according to the manufacturer's instructions. The ConA, GNA, and LCH lectin spin columns in the kit allow specific enrichment of glycoproteins with mannose-rich glycan moieties. The three lectins each bind different subclasses of these moieties. ConA binds biantennary and triantennary complex type N-glycans; LCH binds biantennary and triantennary complex type N-glycans with core fucose. GNA binds α1-3 and α1-6 linked high mannose structures.

Flow-through and eluted fractions from the lectin spin columns were assayed by Western blotting. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) was carried under denaturing conditions, with 4-20% (wt/vol) gradient polyacrylamide gels (Bio-Rad Laboratories Limited, Hemel Hempstead, UK). Fractions were mixed with Laemmli buffer and denatured by heating at 95° C. for 10 min in the presence of β-mercaptoethanol prior to gel loading. Each well was loaded with 0.5 mg of protein. Glycoproteins were separated for 1.5 h at 23° C. (165V) and pre-stained, broad range, markers (Bio-Rad) were used for molecular mass determinations. For Westerns, separated proteins were transferred electrophoretically to a PVDF membrane (Bio-Rad). The membranes were blocked for 16 h at 4° C. with PBS containing 1% (wt/vol) bovine serum albumin (BSA) and incubated with JF5 MAb supernatant diluted 1 in 2 with PBS containing 0.5% (wt/vol) BSA (PBSA) for 2 h at 23° C. After washing three times with PBS, the membrane was incubated for 1 h with goat anti-mouse IgG (whole molecule) alkaline phosphatase conjugate (Sigma) diluted 1 in 15,000 in PBSA. The membrane was washed twice with PBS, once with PBST and bound antibody visualized by incubation in substrate solution. Reactions were stopped by immersion in dH₂O and air-dried between sheets of Whatman filter paper.

Mild alkaline hydrolysis (β-elimination). Mild alkaline hydrolysis results in cleavage of glycans O-linked through the β-hydroxy amino acids serine and threonine. It does not cleave glycans N-linked through asparagine. Chemical modification of the purified antigen was carried out according the procedure described in Thornton (Thornton, C. R. 2001. Immunological methods for fungi, p. 227-257. In N.J. Talbot (ed.), Molecular and Cellular Biology of Filamentous Fungi, A Practical Approach. University Press, Oxford). Briefly, purified antigen was immobilized to the wells of Maxisorp microtitre plates. The wells were incubated with 50 μl of a 50 mM solution of NaOH or were incubated with 50 μl of dH₂O only (control). After incubation for 24 h at 23° C., the wells were washed three times (3 min each time) with PBS and assayed by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) with MAb JF5 as described.

Results and Discussion

Lectin binding studies. Western blotting analysis of flow-through and eluate fractions from lectin spin columns show that the JF5 antigen(s) has/have a high affinity for the mannose-binding lectin (GNA) from Galanthus nivalis (snowdrop) (FIG. 30). No binding or very weak binding only was found with the other two mannose-binding lectins, ConA from Canavalia ensiformis (jack bean) or LCH from Lens culinaris (lentil), respectively. GNA lectin is unique in that it is specific for D-mannose groups only (unlike ConA that is a mannose/glucose-specific lectin), especially those possessing Man(α1-3)Man units. It displays selective reactivity with mannans or mannose-containing glycoproteins and has a strict requirement for non-reducing terminal mannose units (Shibuya, N., I. J. Goldstein, E. J. M. Van Damme, and W. J. Peumans, 1988. Binding Properties of a Mannose-specific Lectin from the Snowdrop (Galanthus nivalis) Bulb. J. Biol. Chem. 263:728-734). Poor binding of the JF5 antigen to LCH and ConA lectins shows that the antigen(s) is/are not hybrid type or bi- and tri-antennary complex type N-linked glycoproteins.

Mild alkaline hydrolysis (β-elimination). ELISA studies using chemical modification of the purified antigen with mild alkali show that the MAb does not bind to glycan structures O-linked through serine and threonine. There was no significant difference (Student's t-test; t=0.113, not significant) between the absorbance values obtained with treated antigen(s) (1.378±0.009) compared to the control (1.376±0.013).

N-terminal sequencing. The N-terminal sequence (ALFALAKXV; SEQ ID NO: 39) of the protein component of the purified antigen was shown to have significant homology to the protein Cwp1p from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (GenBank accession number EEU05173.1). Cwp1p is a cell wall mannoprotein, linked to a β-1,3- and β-1,6-glucan heteropolymer through a phosphodiester bond (Van Der Vaart, J. M., L. H. P. Caro, J. W. Chapman, F. M. Klis, and C. T. Verrips, 1995. Identification of three mannoproteins in the cell wall of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Bacteriol. 177:3104-3110). Using protein subcellular localization prediction software ((http://wolfpsort.org/) and http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/serivces/SignalP/), the Cwp1p glycoprotein is predicted to have a signal peptide, to be secreted and to be extracellular. Despite homology of the protein component to yeast Cwp1p, monoclonal antibody JF5 retains its specificity for Aspergillus species. It does not cross-react with S. cerevisiae.

Example 3 Detection of Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis by Lateral Flow Technology Compared to Galactomannan and (1-*3)-β-D-Glucan

Early diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis is critical for the initiation of appropriate antifungal therapy and may improve outcomes in high-risk patients. The use of sensitive biomarkers, including the non-invasive assays for galactomannan and (1→3)-β-D-glucan, also reduces the use of unnecessary antifungal agents. Despite their advantages, the galactomannan and the (1→3)-β-D-glucan assays are confined to laboratories equipped for these tests or require samples be sent to reference laboratories. Lateral-flow technology incorporates immunochromatographic assays into simple devices for point-of-care diagnosis. When coupled to a monoclonal antibody specific to an extracellular glycoprotein of Aspergillus this technology is a sensitive and specific biomarker (Thornton, C. R. 2008. Development of an Immunochromatographic Lateral-Flow Device for Rapid Serodiagnosis of Invasive Aspergillosis. Clin. Vacc. Immunol. 15:1095-1105). Our objective was to evaluate the time to positivity and sensitivity of a lateral-flow device in an established guinea pig model of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, and directly compare these results to those obtained using the galactomannan and (1→3)-β-D-glucan assays.

Immunosuppressed male Hartley guinea pigs (Charles River Laboratories) were exposed to conidia for 1 hour in an aerosol chamber. Serum samples were collected on days 3, 5, and 7 post-inoculation. A previously described lateral-flow device was used for the serodiagnosis of invasive aspergillosis (Thornton, C. R. 2008. Development of an Immunochromatographic Lateral-Flow Device for Rapid Serodiagnosis of Invasive Aspergillosis. Clin. Vacc. Immunol. 15:1095-1105). Briefly, an IgG monoclonal antibody (JF5) to an epitope on an extracellular antigen secreted constitutively during active growth of Aspergillus was immobilized to a capture zone on a porous nitrocellulose membrane. JF5 IgG was also conjugated to colloidal gold particles to serve as the detection reagent. Serum was added to a release pad containing the antibody-gold conjugate, which bound the target antigen, then passed along the porous membrane and bound to JF5 IgG monoclonal antibody immobilized in the capture zone. Test results were available within 10-15 minutes after loading the sample. Bound antigen-antibody-gold complex were observed as a red line with an intensity proportional to the antigen concentration, and were classified as negative, weakly positive, moderately positive, or strongly positive (FIGS. 31A, B, C, and D). Anti-mouse immunoglobulin immobilized to the membrane in a separate zone served as an internal control.

The (1→3)-β-D-glucan assay was performed using a commercially available kit (Fungitell, Associates of Cape Cod). Serum was transferred in duplicate to a 96-well cell culture tray and processed according to the manufacturer's instructions. The mean rate of change in optical density (OD) at 405 nm over time was measured using a microplate spectrophotometer (Synergy HT; Biotek Instruments) and unknowns were interpolated from a standard curve. Serum galactomannan was measured using a commercially available kit (Platelia Aspergillus EIA, Bio-Rad Laboratories). Serum was heat-treated following the addition of an EDTA acid solution. Treated supernatant was added to microwells containing conjugate and the rat monoclonal antibody EB-A2. Following incubation, microwells were washed and the substrate solution added forming a complex with the monoclonal antibody. The OD values of each sample, positive control, negative control, and cut-off control were measured using a microplate spectrophotometer at 450 and 630 nm, and the galactomannan index (GMI) was calculated as the OD of each sample divided by the mean cut-off of the control. The lateral-flow assay and the (1→3)-β-D-glucan and galactomannan assays were performed in separate laboratories by different investigators blinded to the results of the other.

For each biomarker, the time to positivity was defined as the first time point at which three serum samples became positive. Time to positivity was plotted by Kaplan-Meier analysis, and differences in median time at which the assays became positive were analyzed by the log-rank test. Differences in the number of positive samples per time point between the assays were determined by Fisher's exact test. The overall specificity of each assay was also measured in uninfected controls. All statistical tests were performed using Prism 5.0 (GraphPad Software, Inc.).

The assays were negative 1 hour post-inoculation prior to the onset of invasive disease with the exception of a galactomannan test result (Table 3), which likely represents a false positive result, as invasive disease is not yet established. Each biomarker became positive early with more than three samples positive for each assay by day 5 post-inoculation. In serial samples from the same animals, each biomarker continued to increase throughout the study (FIGS. 32A, B, and C). When the weakly positive lateral-flow device results were considered positive, this assay became positive on day 3, which was significantly shorter compared to the galactomannan (day 5, p=0.03) and (1→3)-β-D-glucan assays (day 7, p<0.001). When the weakly positive lateral-flow results were considered negative and only the moderately and strongly positive results positive, the time to positivity for each biomarker assay occurred at the day 5 time point.

The sensitivity of each biomarker increased throughout the study period (Table 3). Similar to the time to positivity results, when the weakly positive results were considered positive, the sensitivity of the lateral-flow device on day 3 (48%) was greater than the galactomannan (4%, p<0.001) and (1→3)-β-D-glucan assays (0%, p<0.001). The sensitivity of the lateral-flow device also remained higher than the (1→3)-β-D-glucan assay on day 5 (82% vs. 23%, respectively; p<0.001), but was not significantly different than the galactomannan assay (59%). When the weakly positive lateral-flow device results were considered negative and only the moderately to strongly positive results positive, the sensitivity of this biomarker was similar to that of the galactomannan and (1→3)-β-D-glucan assays (35%, 59%, and 23%, respectively; p>0.05). Each biomarker was 100% sensitive at the day 7 time point. Excellent specificity was also observed for each biomarker with only two false positives observed in uninfected animals with the (1→3)-β-D-glucan assay (Table 3).

TABLE 3 Comparison of the lateral flow device and galactomannan and (1→>3)-β-D-glucan assays Lateral-Flow Beta-glucan Galactomannan Index Time Point Device (+) (≧80 pg/mL) (≧0.5) 1 hour Number positive 0/5 0/5  1/5 Day 3 Number positive 12/25 0/25  1/25 Sensitivity  48%  0%  4% Day 5 Number positive 14/17 4/17 10/17 Sensitivity  82% 23%  59% Day 7 Number positive 6/6 6/6  6/6 Sensitivity 100% 100%  100% Uninfected  0/10 2/10  0/10 Specificity 100% 80% 100%

Reference DNA Sequence Amino Acid Sequence VH3-1 SEQ ID NO: 1 SEQ ID NO: 26 ATGGATTTTGGGCTGATTTTTTTTATTGTTGCTCTTTTAA MDFGLIFFIVALLKGVQCEV AAGGGGTCCAGTGTGAGGTGAAGCTTCTCGAGTCTGGAGG KLLESGGGLVQPGGSLKLSC TGGCCTGGTGCAGCCTGGAGGATCCCTGAAACTCTCCTGT AASGFDFSRYWMSWVRQAPG GCAGCCTCAGGATTCGATTTTAGTAGATACTGGATGAGTT KGLEWIGEINPDSSKINYMP GGGTCCGGCAGGCTCCAGGGAAAGGGCTAGAATGGATTGG SLKDKFIISRDNAKNTLYLQ AGAAATTAATCCAGATAGCAGTAAGATAAACTATATGCCA MSKVRSEDTALYYCARPRGY TCTCTAAAGGATAAATTCATCATCTCCAGAGACAACGCCA YAMDFWGQGTSVTVSSATTT AAAATACGCTGTACCTGCAAATGAGCAAAGTGAGATCTGA APSVFPLA GGACACAGCCCTTTATTACTGTGCAAGACCTCGGGGTTAC TACGCTATGGACTTCTGGGGTCAAGGAACCTCAGTCACCG TCTCCTCAGCTACAACAACAGCCCCATCCGTCTTCCCCCT GGCAC VH3-2 SEQ ID NO: 3 SEQ ID NO: 27 ATGGATTTTGGGCTGATTTTTTTTATTGTTGCTCTTTTAA MDFGLIFFIVALLKGVQCEV AAGGGGTCCAGTGTGAGGTGAAGCTTCTCGAGTCTGGAGG KLLESGGGLVQPGGSLKLSC TGGCCTGGTGCAGCCTGGAGGATCCCTGAAACTCTCCTGT AASGFDFSRYWMSWVRQAPG GCAGCCTCAGGATTCGATTTTAGTAGATACTGGATGAGTT KGLEWIGEINPDSSKINYMP GGGTCCGGCAGGCTCCAGGGAAAGGGCTAGAATGGATTGG SLKDKFIISRDNAKNTLYLQ AGAAATTAATCCAGATAGCAGTAAGATAAACTATATGCCA MSKVRSEDTALYYCARPRGY TCTCTAAAGGATAAATTCATCATCTCCAGAGACAACGCCA YAMDFWGQGTSVTVSSATTT AAAATACGCTGTACCTGCAAATGAGCAAAGTGAGATCTGA APSVFPLA GGACACAGCCCTTTATTACTGTGCAAGACCTCGGGGTTAC TACGCTATGGACTTCTGGGGTCAAGGAACCTCAGTCACCG TCTCCTCAGCTACAACAACAGCCCCATCCGTCTTCCCCCT GGCAC VH3-4 SEQ ID NO: 5 SEQ ID NO: 28 ATGGATTTTGGGCTGATTTTTTTTATTGTTGCTCTTTTAA MDFGLIFFIVALLKGVQCEV AAGGGGTCCAGTGTGAGGTGAAGCTTCTCGAGTCTGGAGG KLLESGGGLVQPGGSLKLSC TGGCCTGGTGCAGCCTGGAGGATCCCTGAAACTCTCCTGT AASGFDFSRYWMSWVRQAPG GCAGCCTCAGGATTCGATTTTAGTAGATACTGGATGAGTT KGLEWIGEINPDSSKINYMP GGGTCCGGCAGGCTCCAGGGAAAGGGCTAGAATGGATTGG SLKDKFIISRDNAKNTLYLQ AGAAATTAATCCAGATAGCAGTAAGATAAACTATATGCCA MSKVRSEDTALYYCARPRGY TCTCTAAAGGATAAATTCATCATCTCCAGAGACAACGCCA YAMDFWGQGTSVTVSSATTT AAAATACGCTGTACCTGCAAATGAGCAAAGTGAGATCTGA APSVFPLA GGACACAGCCCTTTATTACTGTGCAAGACCTCGGGGTTAC TACGCTATGGACTTCTGGGGTCAAGGAACCTCAGTCACCG TCTCCTCAGCTACAACAACAGCCCCATCCGTCTTCCCCCT GGCAC VH3-8 SEQ ID NO: 38 SEQ ID NO: 29 ATGGATTTTGGGCTGATTTTTTTTATTGTTGCTCTTTTAA MDFGLIFFIVALLKGVQCEV AAGGGGTCCAGTGTGAGGTGAAGCTTCTCGAGTCTGGAGG KLLESGGGLVQPGGSLKLSC TGGCCTGGTGCAGCCTGGAGGATCCCTGAAACTCTCCTGT AASGFDFSRYWMSWVRQAPG GCAGCCTCAGGATTCGATTTTAGTAGATACTGGATGAGTT KGLEWIGEINPDSSKINYMP GGGTCCGGCAGGCTCCAGGGAAAGGGCTAGAATGGATTGG SLKDKFIISRDNAKNTLYLQ AGAAATTAATCCAGATAGCAGTAAGATAAACTATATGCCA MSKVRSEDTALYYCARPRGY TCTCTAAAGGATAAATTCATCATCTCCAGAGACAACGCCA YAMDFWGQGTSVTVSSATTT AAAATACGCTGTACCTGCAAATGAGCAAAGTGAGATCTGA APSVSPWR GGACACAGCCCTTTATTACTGTGCAAGACCTCGAGGTTAC TACGCTATGGACTTCTGGGGTCAAGGAACCTCAGTCACCG TCTCCTCAGCTACAACAACAGCCCCATCGGTCTCCCCCTG GCGC VH5-1 SEQ ID NO: 7 SEQ ID NO: 30 ATGGATTTTGGGCTGATTTTTTTTATTGTTGCTCTTTTAA MDFGLIFFIVALLKGVQCEV AAGGGGTCCAGTGTGAGGTGAAGCTTCTCGAGTCTGGAGG KLLESGGGLVQPGGSLKLSC TGGCCTGGTGCAGCCTGGAGGATCCCTGAAACTCTCCTGT AASGFDFSRYWMSWVRQAPG GCAGCCTCAGGATTCGATTTTAGTAGATACTGGATGAGTT KGLEWIGEINPDGSKINYMP GGGTCCGGCAGGCTCCAGGGAAAGGGCTAGAATGGATTGG SLKDKFIISRDNAKNTLYLQ AGAAATTAATCCAGATGGCAGTAAGATAAACTATATGCCA MSKVRSEDTALYYCARPRGY TCTCTAAAGGATAAATTCATCATCTCCAGAGACAACGCCA YAMDFWGQGTSVTVSSATTT AAAATACGCTGTACCTGCAAATGAGCAAAGTGAGATCTGA APPVYPLVPEAW GGACACAGCCCTTTATTACTGTGCAAGACCTCGGGGTTAC TACGCTATGGACTTCTGGGGTCAAGGAACCTCAGTCACCG TCTCCTCAGCTACAACAACAGCCCCACCCGTCTATCCACT GGTCCCTGAAGCTTGGG VH5-2 SEQ ID NO: 9 SEQ ID NO: 31 ATGGATTTTGGGCTGATTTTTTTTATTGTTGCTCTTTTAA MDFGLIFFIVALLKGVQCEV AAGGGGTCCAGTGTGAGGTGAAGCTTCTCGAGTCTGGAGG KLLESGGGLVQPGGSLKLSC TGGCCTGGTGCAGCCTGGAGGATCCCTGAAACTCTCCTGT AASGFDFSRYWMSWVRQAPG GCAGCCTCAGGATTCGATTTTAGTAGATACTGGATGAGTT KGLEWIGEINPDSSKINYMP GGGTCCGGCAGGCTCCAGGGAAAGGGCTAGAATGGATTGG SLKDKFIISRDNAKNTLYLQ AGAAATTAATCCAGATAGCAGTAAGATAAACTATATGCCA MSKVRSEDTALYYCARPRGY TCTCTAAAGGATAAATTCATCATCTCCAGAGACAACGCCA YAMDFWGQGTSVTVSSATTT AAAATACGCTGTACCTGCAAATGAGCAAAGTGAGATCTGA APPVYPLAP GGACACAGCCCTTTATTACTGTGCAAGACCTCGGGGTTAC TACGCTATGGACTTCTGGGGTCAAGGAACCTCAGTCACCG TCTCCTCAGCTACAACAACAGCCCCACCCGTCTATCCCCT GGCCCCTGG JF5VH SEQ ID NO: 32 Consensus MDFGLIFFIVALLKGVQCEV Sequence KLLESGGGLVQPGGSLKLSC AASGFDFSRYWMSWVRQAPG KGLEWIGEINPDSSKINYMP SLKDKFIISRDNAKNTLYLQ MSKVRSEDTALYYCARPRGY YAMDFWGQGTSVTVSSATTT APSVFPLA VL4-1 SEQ ID NO: 12 SEQ ID NO: 33 ATGGAGTCACATACCCAGGTCTTTATATTCGTGTTTCTCT MESHTQVFIFVFLWLSGVDG GGTTGTCTGGTGTTGACGGAGACATTGTGATGACCCAGTC DIVMTQSHKVMSTSVGDRVS TCACAAAGTCATGTCCACATCAGTAGGAGACAGGGTCAGC ITCKASQDVSTAVAWHQQKP ATCACCTGCAAGGCCAGTCAGGATGTGAGTACTGCTGTAG GQSPKPLIYSASYQYTGVPD CCTGGCATCAACAGAAACCAGGACAATCTCCTAAACCACT RFTGSGSGTDFTFTISSVQA GATTTACTCGGCATCCTACCAGTACACTGGAGTCCCTGAT EDLAVYYCQQHYSIPWTFGG CGCTTCACTGGCAGTGGATCTGGGACGGATTTCACTTTCA GTKLEIKRADAAPTVSIFPP CCATCAGCAGTGTGCAGGCTGAAGACCTGGCAGTTTATTA SSKLG CTGTCAGCAACATTACAGTATTCCGTGGACGTTCGGTGGA GGCACCAAGCTGGAAATCAAACGGGCTGATGCTGCACCAA CTGTATCCATCTTCCCACCATCCAGTAAGCTTGGG VL4-8 SEQ ID NO: 14 SEQ ID NO: 34 ATGGAGACACAGTCTCAGGTCTTTGTATTCGTGTTTCTCT METQSQVFVFVFLWLSGVDG GGTTGTCTGGTGTTGACGGAGACATTGTGATGACCCAGTC DIVMTQSHKVMSTSVGDRVS TCACAAAGTCATGTCCACATCAGTAGGAGACAGGGTCAGC ITCKASQDVSTAVAWHQQKP ATCACCTGCAAGGCCAGTCAGGATGTGAGTACTGCTGTAG GQSPKPLIYSASYQYTGVPD CCTGGCATCAACAGAAACCAGGACAATCTCCTAAACCACT RFTGSGSGTDFTFTISSVQA GATTTACTCGGCATCCTACCAGTACACTGGAGTCCCTGAT EDLAVYYCQQHYSIPWTFGG CGCTTCACTGGCAGTGGATCTGGGACGGATTTCACTTTCA GTKLEIKRADAAPTVSIFPP CCATCAGCAGTGTGCAGGCTGAAGACCTGGCAGTTTATTA SSKLG CTGTCAGCAACATTACAGTATTCCGTGGACGTTCGGTGGA GGCACCAAGCTGGAAATCAAACGGGCTGATGCTGCACCAA CTGTATCCATCTTCCCACCATCCAGTAAGCTTGGG VL 4-18 SEQ ID NO: 16 SEQ ID NO: 36 CCCAGGTCTTTGTATTGGTGTTTCTCTGGTTGTCTGGTGT QVFVLVFLWLSGVDGDIVMT TGACGGAGACATTGTGATGACCCAGTCTCACAAAGTCATG QSHKVMSTSVGDRVSITCKA TCCACATCAGTAGGAGACAGGGTCAGCATCACCTGCAAGG SQDVSTAVAWHQQKPGQSPK CCAGTCAGGATGTGAGTACTGCTGTAGCCTGGCATCAACA PLIYSASYQYTGVPDRFTGS GAAACCAGGACAATCTCCTAAACCACTGATTTACTCGGCA GSGTDFTFTISSVQAEDLAV TCCTACCAGTACACTGGAGTCCCTGATCGCTTCACTGGCA YYCQQHYSIPWTFGGGTKLE GTGGATCTGGGACGGATTTCACTTTCACCATCAGCAGTGT IKRADAAPTVSIFPPSSKLG GCAGGCTGAAGACCTGGCAGTTTATTACTGTCAGCAACAT TACAGTATTCCGTGGACGTTCGGTGGAGGCACCAAGCTGG AAATCAAACGGGCTGATGCTGCACCAACTGTATCCATCTT CCCACCATCCAGTAAGCTTGGG JF5VL SEQ ID NO: 37 Consensus MESXSQVFVFVFLWLSGVDG Sequence DIVMTQSHKVMSTSVGDRVS ITCKASQDVSTAVAWHQQKP GQSPKPLIYSASYQYTGVPD RFTGSGSGTDFTFTISSVQA EDLAVYYCQQHYSIPWTFGG GTKLEIKRADAAPTVSIFPP SSKLG 

1. A hybridoma deposited under accession number ECACC
 08120202. 2. An isolated antibody which may be obtained by culture of the hybridoma of claim 1, or a functional fragment of such an antibody.
 3. An isolated antibody, or antibody fragment or other molecule capable of specifically binding to Aspergillus, the antibody, fragment or binding molecule comprising a CDR, light chain, heavy chain, light chain variable region, heavy chain variable region or antigen binding region that shows at least 85% homology with the corresponding region of the antibody according to claim
 2. 4. The isolated antibody according to claim 3 comprising a CDR comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 85% homology to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 19, SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 21, SEQ ID NO: 22, SEQ ID NO: 23, SEQ ID NO: 24 and SEQ ID NO: 25
 5. The isolated antibody according to claim 4, comprising a first CDR comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 85% homology to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19; a second CDR comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 85% homology to an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 21 or SEQ ID NO: 22; and a third CDR comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 85% homology to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:
 24. 6. The isolated antibody according to claim 4 comprising a first CDR comprising an amino acid sequence having substantial homology to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 20; a second CDR comprising an amino acid sequence having substantial homology to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 23; and a third CDR comprising an amino acid sequence having substantial homology to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:
 25. 7. The isolated antibody according to claim 3 comprising a heavy chain comprising one or more CDRs having an amino acid sequence having substantial homology to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 19, SEQ ID NO: 21, SEQ ID NO: 22 and SEQ ID NO:
 24. 8. The isolated antibody according to claim 3 comprising a light chain comprising one or more CDRs having an amino acid sequence having substantial homology to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 23 and SEQ ID NO:
 25. 9. The isolated antibody according to claim 3 comprising an amino acid sequence having substantial homology to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 15 SEQ ID NO: 17, and SEQ ID NO:
 18. 10. The isolated antibody according to claim 3 comprising a heavy chain variable region having substantial homology to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 10, and SEQ ID NO:
 11. 11. The isolated antibody according to claim 3 comprising a light chain variable region having substantial homology to the amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 17, and SEQ ID NO:
 18. 12. The isolated antibody according to claim 3 encoded by a nucleotide sequence having substantial homology to a nucleotide sequence selected from the sequences shown in figures: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 12, 14 and
 16. 13. The isolated antibody according to claim 3 comprising a heavy chain variable region encoded by a nucleotide sequence having substantial homology to a nucleotide sequence selected from the sequences shown in figures: 1, 3, 5, 7 and
 9. 14. The isolated antibody according to claim 3 comprising a light chain variable region encoded by a nucleotide sequence having substantial homology to the nucleotide sequence selected from the sequences shown in figures: 12, 14 and
 16. 15. (canceled)
 16. A method of making antibodies, including a method of generating an antibody or functional fragment thereof comprising: a) providing a repertoire of nucleic acids encoding a variable domain that either includes a CDR1, CDR2 or CDR3 encoding region to be replaced or lacks a CDR1, CDR2 or CDR3 encoding region; b) combining the repertoire with a donor nucleic acid having a nucleotide sequence encoding a sequence selected from the sequences in figures: 19 to 25 to provide a repertoire of nucleic acids encoding a variable domain; and c) expressing a nucleic acid from the repertoire.
 17. An isolated nucleic acids encoding an antibody or functional fragment thereof according to claim
 3. 18. An isolated nucleic acid having substantial homology to a sequence selected from the sequences shown in figures: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 12, 14 and
 16. 19. A construct comprising a nucleic acid molecule according to claim
 18. 20. (canceled)
 21. (canceled)
 22. (canceled)
 23. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the antibody according to claim 3 or functional fragment thereof.
 24. The antibody according to claim 3 or functional fragment thereof for use in therapy.
 25. (canceled) 